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The times of the Gentiles is the period during which the gospel will be preached to the Gentiles in preference to the Jews, and the times of the Jews is the similar period when the Jewish nationals, so to speak, will again receive the message of salvation that is in Christ. We are living in the times of the Gentiles, but that era is drawing to its close, and the gospel will soon go to the Jews.
In the generation in which the times of the Gentiles shall be fulfilled there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations with perplexity, like the sea and the waves roaring. The earth also shall be troubled, and the waters of the great deep; Men's hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth: for the powers of heaven shall be shaken.
Source: McConkie, Bruce R. The Mortal Messiah. The Messiah Series, Vol. 3. 442. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1981.
Joseph Fielding Smith Jr. (10th prophet):
In the former dispensation, the gospel was first preached to the Jews and then, after they had rejected it, it was taken to the Gentiles. In the dispensation in which we live, the gospel was first taken to the Gentile nations, and scattered Israel other than the Jews were gathered out; and after being preached among the Gentile nations, it shall go to the Jews, the first being last and the last being first, as the Savior promised.
In section 45 of the Doctrine and Covenants, the Lord calls attention to the fact that when the fulness of the Gentiles should come in, a light should break forth among those that sat in darkness, and it should be the fulness of the everlasting gospel, but they would reject it. And in that generation shall the time of the Gentiles be fulfilled. In the 133rd section of the Doctrine and Covenants, he warns all the tribes of Israel to flee to the mountains of Ephraim for safety, and for the Jews to flee to Jerusalem.
Source: McConkie, Bruce R., ed. Doctrines of Salvation: Sermons and Writings of Joseph Fielding Smith, Vol. 3. 259. Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1954-1955.